西班牙Certest腺病毒抗體（克隆R15）

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【西班牙Certest生物原料】

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絕大多數(shù)細(xì)胞都非常微小，超出人的視力極限。觀察細(xì)胞必須用顯微鏡。但是，在認(rèn)識到細(xì)胞的客觀存在之前，還無法知道在顯微鏡下觀察到的對象就是細(xì)胞。所以 1677年A.van列文虎克用自己制造的簡單顯微鏡觀察到動物的“精蟲”時，并不知道這是一個細(xì)胞。細(xì)胞(cell，源于拉丁文cella原意為空隙、小室)一詞是1667年R.胡克在觀察軟木塞的切片時看到軟木中含有一個個小室而以之命名的。其實這些小室并不是活的結(jié)構(gòu)，而是細(xì)胞壁所構(gòu)成的空隙，但細(xì)胞這個名詞就此被沿用下來。在細(xì)胞學(xué)的啟蒙時期，用簡單顯微鏡雖然也觀察到許多細(xì)小的物體──例如細(xì)菌、纖毛蟲等，但目的主要是觀察一些發(fā)育現(xiàn)象，例如蝴蝶的PCR檢測試劑盒，PCR檢測試劑盒和卵子的結(jié)構(gòu)等。由于受當(dāng)時的顯微鏡的局限，觀察不夠精確，加上宗教信念的束縛，這些觀察結(jié)
 果反而支持了先成論的教條。有的人聲稱在PCR檢測試劑盒中看到了具體而微的“小人”，認(rèn)為由此發(fā)展成將來的個體──唯精論者；也有的人認(rèn)為“小人”存在于卵子中──唯卵論者。先成論的影響持續(xù)了100多年，阻礙了人們在R.胡克的基礎(chǔ)上對細(xì)胞進(jìn)一步了解，直到1827年К.M.貝爾發(fā)現(xiàn)哺乳類的卵子，才開始對細(xì)胞本身進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的觀察。在這前后研制出的無色差物鏡，引進(jìn)洋紅(carmine)和蘇木精作為使細(xì)胞核著色的染料以及切片機和切片技術(shù)的初創(chuàng)，都為對細(xì)胞進(jìn)行更精細(xì)的觀察創(chuàng)造了有利條件。
對于研究細(xì)胞起了巨大推動作用的是M.J.施萊登和T.A.H.施萬。前者在1838年描述了細(xì)胞是在一種粘液狀的母質(zhì)中經(jīng)過一種像是結(jié)晶樣的過程產(chǎn)生的，而且首先產(chǎn)生出核（還發(fā)現(xiàn)核仁）。他并且把植物看作細(xì)胞的共同體，就好像水螅蟲的群體一樣。在他的啟發(fā)下施萬堅信動、植物都是由細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的。他積累了大量事實，指出二者在結(jié)構(gòu)和生長中的*性，于1839年提出了細(xì)胞學(xué)說。與此同時，捷克動物生理學(xué)家J.E.浦肯野提出原生質(zhì)的概念;德國動物學(xué)家C.T.E.von西博爾德（1845）斷定原生動物都是單細(xì)胞的。德國病理學(xué)家R.C.菲爾肖(1855)在研究結(jié)締組織的基礎(chǔ)上提出“一切細(xì)胞來自細(xì)胞”的名言，并且創(chuàng)立了細(xì)胞病理學(xué)。德國動物學(xué)家M.舒爾策在1861年對細(xì)胞下了定義：“細(xì)胞是一團(tuán)具有一切生命特征的原生質(zhì)，細(xì)胞核處于其中。”
細(xì)胞核
從19世紀(jì)中期到20世紀(jì)初，關(guān)于細(xì)胞核的研究，有了長足的進(jìn)展。
1、1875年，德國植物學(xué)家E.A.施*布格首先敘述了植物細(xì)胞中的著色物體而且斷定同種植物各自有一定數(shù)目的著色物體。
2、1880年，巴拉涅茨基描述了著色物體的螺旋狀結(jié)構(gòu)，翌年普菲茨納發(fā)現(xiàn)了染色粒。
3、1885年，德國學(xué)者C.拉布爾提出著色物體數(shù)目恒定的規(guī)律。
4、1888年，W.瓦爾代爾把核中的著色物體正式命名為染色體。
5、 1891年，德國學(xué)者H.亨金在昆蟲的精細(xì)胞中觀察到X染色體。
6、1902年，W.L.史蒂文斯、E.B.威爾遜等發(fā)現(xiàn)了Y染色體。
細(xì)胞分裂現(xiàn)象，在此期間已經(jīng)受到重視，并進(jìn)行了仔細(xì)分析。
1、1867年，德國植物學(xué)家W.霍夫邁斯特在植物，A.施奈德1873年在動物，分別比較詳細(xì)地敘述了間接分裂。
2、1882年，德國細(xì)胞學(xué)家W.弗勒明在發(fā)現(xiàn)了染色體的縱分裂之后提出了有絲分裂這一名詞以代替間接分裂，E.霍伊澤爾描述了在間接分裂時的染色體分布；在他之后，E.A.施*布格把有絲分裂劃分為：前期、中期、后期、末期；他和其他學(xué)者還在植物中觀察到減數(shù)分裂，經(jīng)過進(jìn)一步研究終于區(qū)別出單倍體和雙倍體染色體數(shù)目。
3、1933年，H.鮑爾在蚊子的馬爾皮基氏管細(xì)胞中發(fā)現(xiàn)了多線染色體。
4、1934年，T.S.佩因特在果蠅，R.L.金和H.W.比姆斯在搖蚊中，也發(fā)現(xiàn)這種構(gòu)造。
多線染色體是一種存在于雙翅目幼蟲的某些腺體細(xì)胞中的巨大染色體，在果蠅中其長度大約是正常染色體的100倍，每條染色體由許多條（可多到400條）染色纖維組成，在整條染色體上顯示染色深的帶區(qū)和染色淺的間帶區(qū)。它的形成是由于核內(nèi)有絲分裂（只有染色體分裂而核不分裂），因而每條多線染色體實際上是由許多染色體形成的。這種染色體體積龐大，有利于對染色體的精細(xì)構(gòu)造進(jìn)行分析。此外，還可根據(jù)多線染色體上的脹泡判斷其功能活動的情況。
直到70年代，在電子顯微鏡下觀察到核小體；此后不久，結(jié)合生化提取，觀察到分裂中期的染色體是以所謂的支架蛋白為核心，DNA纖維由此環(huán)狀地向四周伸展出去形成螺旋化。

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【公司名稱】 廣州健侖生物科技有限公司
【市場部】    楊永漢

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【公司地址】 廣州清華科技園創(chuàng)新基地番禺石樓鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)啟路63號二期2幢101-103室

The vast majority of cells are very small, beyond the limits of human vision. Observe the cells must use a microscope. However, before realizing the objective existence of cells, it is not known that the object observed under the microscope is cells. Therefore, in 1677, A. van Leuvenberger did not know that it was a cell when it was observed by a simple microscope made by him that it was a "spermatozoon." The cell (cell, derived from the Latin cella, meaning void, small chamber) is the term 1667 R. Hook saw the cork in a slice of the chamber and gave it a name when it was observed. In fact, these cells are not living structures, but the gap formed by the cell walls, but the cell is used in this term down. In the period of enlightenment of cytology, many small objects such as bacteria and ciliates are also observed with a simple microscope, but the main purpose is to observe some developmental phenomena, such as the PCR test kit for butterfly, the PCR test kit and the egg The structure and so on. Due to the limitations of the microscope at that time, the observation was not precise enough, and with the restraint of religious belief, these observations
 On the contrary, the results support the preconceived dogma. Some people claim that in the PCR test kit to see the specific and the "villain", that this development into the future of individuals - only serious person; Some people think that "villain" exists in the egg ─ ─ only ovum Theorists. The first-episode effect lasted more than 100 years, hindering people from further understanding of the cell based on R. Hooke, until 1827, when M. Bell found mammalian eggs, he began to observe the cell itself. The achromatic objective developed around this time, the introduction of carmine and hematoxylin as starting materials for the staining of the nucleus and the introduction of microtome and sectioning technology, provided favorable conditions for finer observations of the cells.
M.J. Schleiden and T.A.H. Schwann play a significant role in the research of cells. The former describes in 1838 that cells are produced in a mucilaginous parental substance through a process like crystallisation, and the nucleus is first produced (nucleoli are also found). He also treats plants as a community of cells, just like the group of water insects. Under his inspiration, Shi Wanjian believed that plants are made up of cells. He accumulated a large number of facts, pointed out that the two in the structure and growth of the same, put forward in 1839 cytology. In the meantime, the Czech animal physiologist J.E. Purkinje proposed the concept of protoplasm; the German zoologist C.T.E. von Siebel (1845) concluded that protozoa are single-celled. The German pathologist R.C. Philshaw (1855) proposed the notion that "all cells come from cells" based on the study of connective tissue and founded the cytopathology. M. Schulze, a German zoologist, defined the cell in 1861: "The cell is a mass of all life-like protoplasm with the nucleus in it."
Nucleus
From the middle of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, great progress has been made in the research of the nucleus.
1. In 1875, the German botanist E.A. Strasbourg first described the colored objects in plant cells and concluded that the same plants each had a certain number of colored objects.
2. In 1880, Baraniezki described the helical structure of colored objects, and the following year Porphyna discovered the dyed grains.
3, 1885, the German scholar C. Labour proposed a constant number of colored objects.
4, 1888, W. Valdell named the colored objects in the nucleus as chromosomes.
5, 1891, the German scholar H. Hengchin in the sperm cells observed in the X chromosome.
6, 1902, W. L. Stevens, E. B. Wilson, etc. found the Y chromosome.
The phenomenon of cell division, which has received much attention during this period, has been carefully analyzed.
In 1867, the German botanist W. Hoffmeister in plants, A. Schneider in 1873 in animals, described in more detail indirect division.
2. In 1882, the German cytologist W. Fleming proposed the term mitosis instead of indirect division after discovering the longitudinal division of the chromosome. E. Hoogezer described the chromosomal distribution during indirect division; After him, EA Strasbourg divided mitosis into: early, middle, late, late; he and other scholars also observed meiosis in plants, after further research finally distinguish between haploid and diploid Chromosome number.
3, 1933, H. Bauer in the mosquito Malpigu tube cells found in multi-line chromosome.
4. In 1934, T.S. Payne also found this structure in the mosquito mosquitoes in Drosophila, R.L. Kim, and H.W. Bismes.
The Polyline Chromosome is a giant chromosome found in some glandular cells of Diptera larvae, which is about 100 times longer than a normal chromosome in a Drosophila and consists of many (up to 400) chromosomes per chromosome Dyed fiber composition, in the entire chromosome showed deep staining and staining shallow zone. It is formed by mitosis in the nucleus (only chromosomes divide and nuclei do not divide) so that each multiline chromosome is actually formed by many chromosomes. The large size of the chromosome helps to analyze the fine structure of chromosomes. In addition, according to multi-line chromosome expansion bubble to determine the function of the situation.
Until the 1970s, nucleosomes were observed under an electron microscope; shortly thereafter, in combination with biochemical extraction, it was observed that metaphase chromosomes are centered on a so-called scaffold protein, from which DNA fibers extend helically around to form a spiral.